This is the first time the presence of wild millet has been detected at the site. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers ofChinese languages. [] The Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological expression of a social adjustment to high mobility the invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds from mobile homes based in the steppes. Sanskrit is not even native for Indians and used for centuries only for religious purposes . This mixing appears to have happened on the easternPonticCaspian steppestarting around 5,000 BCE. William Edward Hearn, a noted classicist, and jurist, traced the origin of domestic deities from the earliest stages as an expression of animism, a belief system thought to have existed also in the neolithic, and the forerunner of Indo-European religion. They were hierarchical and extremely patriarchal, organized around bonds of male kinship, and far from averse to a bit of raiding and fighting. First proto-king in the Balkans, Varna culture around 6,500 years ago? This scenario is associated with a proposed primary split between, (53004000 years BP) in the upper reaches of the Yellow River on the northeast edge of the, proposes a split around 6000 years BP, with Chinese-speakers settling along the Yellow River and other groups migrating south down the, Recent research indicates a common origin of the, . The Max Planck Institute reports that this suggests that genetic dispersal was a complex process, involving the gradual mixture of parallel, highly genetically structured societies.. Four groups, Daur, Mongola, Tu and Dungans, are located alongside other East Asian populations and displaced from the three inner Eurasian clines. ref. Neither do bones. These foraged plants would have supplemented the diet, and indicate that the residents of atalhyk possessed knowledge of the tubers seasonal cycles. This little island of grassland in the middle of Europe became their new home. Possibly a forebear of the Corded Ware Culture or Kurgan Culture in the area. This series idea was addressed in,Anarchist Teaching as Free Public Education or Free Education in the Public:VIDEO, Our 12 video series:Organized Oppression:MesopotamianState Force and the Politics of power (9,000-4,000 years ago), is adaptedfrom:The Complete and Concise History of the Sumerians and Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia (7000-2000 BC):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szFjxmY7jQAby History with Cy, Show #1: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Samarra, Halaf, Ubaid), Show #2: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power(Eridu: First City of Power), Show #3: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Uruk and the First Cities), Show #4: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (First Kings), Show #5: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Early Dynastic Period), Show #6: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power(King Lugalzagesi and the First Empire), Show #7: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Sargon and Akkadian Rule), Show #8: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Naram-Sin, Post-Akkadian Rule, and the Gutians), Show #9: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Gudea of Lagash and Utu-hegal), Show #10: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Third Dynasty of Ur / Neo-Sumerian Empire), Show #11: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Amorites, Elamites, and the End of an Era), Show #12: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Aftermath and Legacy of Sumer), The Atheist-Humanist-Leftist Revolutionaries. They are all stories with aplotandcharacterswho are eitherdeities, human-like figures, or animals, who often speak and transform easily. culture is significant for its role in the evolution of language. Strongly agro-pastoralist economy (wheat, barley, millet). ref, The Sredny Stog culture seems to have had contact with the agricultural Cucuteni-Trypillian culturein the west, centered on modern-dayMoldova,and was a contemporary of theKhvalynsk culturein the north-east, located in the middleVolga region. Herders moving through those valleys brought southwestern Asian crops into China and eastern Asian crops back the other way, says archaeologist Robert Spengler of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Enormous amounts of horse bones were found in and around the Botai settlements, suggesting that the Botai people kept horses or even domesticated them. Eleven out of 12 green foxtail accessions were grouped separately from the clusters of foxtail millet. This genocide in Spain by the Yamnaya culture took place during the bronze age. Because of their immediacy they had arguably more influence on the day-to-day affairs of men than the remote gods did. Nothing more than a confused reality made up of unscientific echoes from mans ancient past. InGreek mythology, the Earth is personified asGaia, corresponding to RomanTerra, IndicPrithvi/Bhmi, etc. (2013). Changes were initiated including unambiguous evidence of horse riding (prehistoric cavalry) and the introduction of metal weapons such as shafthole axes and spearheads. Other carved bone figurines and pendants were found in the graves. Others associate this with the laterYamnaya culture. ref, Examination of physical remains of the Sredny Stog people has determined that they wereEuropoid. A Yamnaya skeleton from a grave in the Russian steppe, which was the homeland of men who migrated to Europe. ref, Around 5,000 years ago,Origin of Logicsis a Naturalistic Observation (principles of valid reasoning, inference, & demonstration)ref, Around 4,150 to 4,000 years ago: The earliest surviving versions of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, which was originally titled He who Saw the Deep (Sha naqba muru) or Surpassing All Other Kings (Shtur eli sharr) were written. Poltavka culture . The specimens were first cleaned in a laboratory using UV light. The Yamnaya culture (Russian: , romanized: Yamnaya kul'tura, Ukrainian: , romanized: Yamna kul'tura lit. My Thoughts on Possible Migrations of R DNA and Proto-Indo-European? My response,So are you saying that was always that way, such as would you say Native Americans cultures are separate from their religions? Mostly pro-agnostic, I am anti-agnostic. Around 5,000 years ago there are the full elements seem to be grouping together with its connected set of Dogmatic-Propaganda-Closure belief strains of sacralized superstitionism that took different forms of behavior in different areas of the world. Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany around 25%, and in Iberia as high as 50%. People of the Yamnaya culture are believed to have had mostly brown eye color, light to intermediate skin, and brown hair color, with some variation. The main food of the Yangshao people was, Bayesian modeling applied to a dataset of new and published radiocarbon dates derived from domesticated millet grains suggests that after their initial cultivation in the crescent around the Bohai Sea ca. Some deities, like the weather god *Perkunos or the herding-god *Phusn, are only attested in a limited number of traditions Western (European) and Graeco-Aryan, respectively and could therefore represent late additions that did not spread throughout the various Indo-European dialects. ref, Some myths are also securely dated to Proto-Indo-European times, since they feature both linguistic and thematic evidence of an inherited motif: a story portraying a mythical figure associated with thunder and slaying a multi-headed serpent to release torrents of water that had previously been pent up; a creation myth involving two brothers, one of whom sacrifices the other in order to create the world; and probably the belief that the Otherworld was guarded by a watchdog and could only be reached by crossing a river. ref, Various schools of thought exist regarding possible interpretations of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European mythology. Genetic loci reported to be under positive selection in the common ancestor of modern Eurasians are represented by rs1881227 in, , and those independently evolved in Europeans and East Asians, indicating possible convergent evolution, are represented by rs12913832 in. It is therefore extremely likely that the N1c1 subclade found in Europe today has its roots in the Chinese Neolithic. Prehistoric Egypt 40,000 years ago to The First Dynasty 5,150 years ago. and Gobekli Tepe, by paganism I mean a grouped set of behaviors that I believe resemble the concept of paganism-type beliefs. Yamnaya people left a lasting legacy on the world, one that is still evident today. The Samara culture is regarded as related to contemporaneous or subsequent prehistoric cultures of the PonticCaspian steppe, such as the Khvalynsk, Repin and Yamna (or Yamnaya) cultures. They often are consideredsacredaccounts and can be found in nearly all knownreligious traditions. , -7 | Santhipriya Pages, Low Gods (Earth/ Tutelary deity), High Gods (Sky/Supreme deity), and Moralistic Gods (Deity enforcement/divine order), Kula Devatha or Tutelary/Family deities -7 | Santhipriya Pages, Early Neolithic Communities and Sites GrumpyCat. As cultures, we identify ourselves through the collective dreams we call creation myths, or, A philosophical and theological elaboration of the primal myth of creation within a religious community. A creation myth acts as a cornerstone for distinguishing primary reality fromrelativereality, the origin and nature ofbeingfrom non-being. The Yamnaya (Pit-grave) culture was succeeded in its western range by the Catacomb culture (28002200BCE or 4,821-4,221 years ago); in the east, by the Poltavka culture (27002100BCE or 4,721-4,121 years ago) at the middle Volga. VL29 and its subclades are also the variety of N1c1 found in Balto-Slavic populations, confirming that the R1a branch of Indo-Europeans absorbed and later spread N1c1 lineages around central and eastern Europe. N1c represents the western extent of haplogroup N, which is found all over the Far East (China, Korea, Japan), Mongolia, and Siberia, especially among Uralic speakers of northern Siberia. Prehistory: related to Anarchism and Socialism the division of labor, power, rights, and recourses. They were not able to stand on a flat surface, suggesting that some method of supporting or carrying must have been in use, perhaps basketry or slings, for which the rims would have been a useful point of support. Steppe semi-nomads associated with the Abashevo-Sintashta and later with the Srubnaya-Andronovo communities moved from Eastern Europe eastwards to the Altai and even to Xinjiang. One theory is that the Yamnaya were displaced by the Indo-Europeans, who came from the east and settled in the steppes. The people of the Yamnaya culture were a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Pontic Caspian Steppe. They also hunted deer and wild game. In NorthEast IndiaMeitei mythologyandreligion(Sanamahism) ofManipur, there are various types of tutelary deities, among whichLam Laisare the most predominant ones. ANE ancestry developed from a sister lineage ofWest-Eurasianswith significant admixture from earlyEast Asians. ref. | The role of atalhyk animal seals in Neolithic symbolism: https://www.academia.edu/6041699/Is_it_goddess_or_bear_The_role_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_animal_seals_in_Neolithic_symbolism?email_work_card=title, In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4,500 BC AD 220. The settlements of the Botai which consisted of, were relatively large and permanent. Story of most murderous people of all time revealed in ancient DNA In FreudsTotem and Taboo, both totem and taboo are outward expressions or manifestations of the same psychological tendency, a concept which is complementary to, or which rather reconciles, the apparent conflict. They are (linguistic) descendants of the people of the Yamnaya culture (c.3600-2300 BCE) in Ukraine and southern Russia, and settled in the area from Western Europe to India in various migrations in the third, second, and early first . Who were the Groups migrating and merging with the previous Groups of Europe? Life generating from the corpse or dismembered parts of an originator deity.. My thoughts on Religion Evolution with external links for more info: Religion is an Evolved Product and Yes, Religion is Like Fear Given Wings. With respect to Y-DNA haplogroup, three carried G2a2b2a3, two G2a2a1a, one G2a2a1, G2a2a1a3, C1a, I2a1a2a-L161.1, I2a2a1, and I2c, while mtDNA haplogroup, two J1c2, K1a2, T2b and one H, H15a1, H40, J1c5, K1a1b1, K1b1. Among these tools, many are related to agricultural activities: querns, grinders, pestles, and stone disks, let to believe that this community was a permanent settlement based on primitive hoe agriculture. ref, Moreover, it appeared that millet was widely consumed in the Yamnaya populations. Swing of the Mace: the rise of Elite, Forced Authority, and Inequality begin to Emerge 8,500 years ago? Third, is the roof and finishing elements of the structure: Dogmatism and Myths. The. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped. I do not hate simply because I challenge and expose myths or lies any more than others being thought of as loving simply because of the protection and hiding from challenge their favored myths or lies. , the migration becomes even clearer: People buried in kurgans on the Hungarian Plain derived most or all of their ancestry from people who had lived on the steppe a few centuries (at most) before. Though it was disputed for many years, there is conclusive evidence that Neanderthals bred with modern humans (Homo sapiens). Gods too are the myths of cultures that did not understand science or the world around them, seeing magic/supernatural everywhere. A similar physical type prevails among theYamnaya, who were tall and powerfully built. The books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God: Exodus 20:23 You shall not make other gods besides Me (not saying there are no other gods just not to worship them); gods of silver or gods of gold, you shall not make for yourselves., Judges 10:6 Then the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, served the Baals and the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him., 1 Corinthians 8:5 For even if there are so-called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords.. The Yamnaya are thought to be the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans, who spread their language and culture across Europe and Asia. Creation myths develop inoral traditionsand therefore typically have multiple versions; found throughout humanculture, they are the most common form of myth.ref. Around 2,400 years ago, the most accepted hypothesis is that the canon was formed in stages, first the Pentateuch (Torah). The Yamnaya culture vanished suddenly around 3000 BCE. The Peopling of the Americas Pre-Paleoindians/Paleoamericans around 30,000 to 12,000 years ago, Hunter-Gatherer/Indigenous Peoples Religiosity, Beliefs, and Practices, Starting 30,000 Years Ago is the Sitting Venus Phenomena, Shamanism 30,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism. Yamnaya people were also skilled warriors. Read More The Ghassulian Star, a mysterious 6,000-year-old mural from Jordan may have connections to the European paganstic kurgan/dolmens phenomenon. Yamanaya people were pastoralists who relied on herding sheep, goats, and cattle. It was a little over a decade ago that the evolutionary biologist Eske Willerslev successfully applied innovative DNA analysis and decoding technology to unlock genetic secrets from the past. The set of stages for the development of organized religion is subdivided into the following: the primal stage of organized religion is 13,000 years ago, the proto stage of organized religion is around 10,000 years ago, and finally the progressed stage of organized religion is around 7,000 years ago with the forming of mythology and its connected set of Dogmatic-Propaganda-Closure belief strains of sacralized superstitionism. Were rarely so lucky. Yamnaya people also used milk to make cheese and yogurt. Paganism 4,000 years old: Moralistic gods after the rise of Statism and often support Statism/Kings: related to Anarchism and Socialism (First Moralistic gods, then the Origin time of Monotheism), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szFjxmY7jQA, https://damienmarieathope.com/2021/04/cory-johnston-mind-of-a-skeptical-leftist/?v=32aec8db952d, Knowledgeable in the range of: 1 million to 5,000/4,000 years ago, 5th4th millennium BCE DnieperDonets culture and East Eurasian lineages (of C haplogroup, like C4a related to Tungusic peoplesofSiberia) in ancient mtDNA from the North Pontic Region. Every amount spent on war is theft to children in need of food or the homeless kept from shelter. Hundreds of these kurgans survive today, breadcrumbs leading us back in time on the trail of the people who brought into Europe the Indo-European languages so many millions of people speak today. They could also be found on domestic objects, such as cosmetic articles in the case ofTawaret. This feeble myth called gods were just a human conceived made from nothing into something over and over, changing, again and again, taking on more as they evolve, all the while they are thought to be special, but it is just supernatural animistic spirit-belief perceived as sacred. , transplanted more than 800 miles from their homeland on the steppe to the Pannonian Basin in central Europe. There is also evidence that they may have kept bees. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, Analysis 2008 of four males from the CucuteniTrypillia cultural complex (CTC / CTCC) of Verteba Cave and found evidence of genetic contact between the CucuteniTrypillia culture and steppe populations from the east from as early as 3600 BCE, well before the influx of steppe ancestryinto Europe associated with the Yamnaya culture. Seonangshinis the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody theSeonangdang. [1] The Proto-Indo-European homeland is often linked to one or more of these cultures. The collaboration revealed that the origin and initial spread of Bell Beaker culture had little to do - at least genetically - with the expansion of the Yamnaya or Corded Ware people into central Europe. Your email address will not be published. Thats mostly because it has the obvious benefit of being a pretty good explanation for how people with a specific kind of ancestry, which shows up earliest in one place, shows up later in others. Damien Marie AtHope (At Hope)Axiological Atheist, Anti-theist, Anti-religionist, Secular Humanist. New Testing Revealed, First Complete DNA Sequencing Unveils Truth of Pompeii Victim, How Mixed Ancestries Shaped European Traits, Decade of DNA Analysis Reveals Astonishing Truths About Our Past, Genetic Study of Romanian Skull Upends Previous Theories of Evolution. Contemporary Western astrology is often associated with systems ofhoroscopesthat purport to explain aspects of a personspersonalityand predict significant events in their lives based on the positions of celestial objects; the majority ofprofessionalastrologers rely on such systems.ref, Around 5,500 years ago,Science evolves,The first evidence of science was 5,500 years ago and was demonstrated by a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world. When we add the. Do I have enough self-respect to put my love for humanitys flushing, over being brought down by some of its bad actors? All of that seems to match the Yamnaya both on the steppe and in their new home in the Hungarian Plain. The poetic and proposed Wisdom books dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world. In contrast, no evidence for ANE-related geneflow into East Asians (Amis, Han, Tianyuan), except the Ainu, was found.ref, Genetic data suggests that the ANE formed during the Terminal Upper-Paleolithic (36+-1,5ka) period from a deeply European-related population, which was once widespread in Northern Eurasia, and from an early East Asian-related group, which migrated northwards into Central Asia and Siberia, merging with this deeply European-related population. Today, Kets are the descendants of fishermen and hunter tribes of the Yeniseitaiga, who adopted some of the cultural ways of those original Ket-speaking tribes of South Siberia. ANE ancestry is found throughout Europe, with a maximum of about 20% found inBaltic peopleandFinns. The group also occurs at >3% in some Iranian populations and is present at >30% in Roma from Croatia and Hungary., Samoyedic (Nganasans, Enets, Nenets and Selkups), Baltic Finnic (Finnish, Karelian, Estonia, etc. The term myth here refers to the imaginative expression in narrative form of what is experienced or apprehended as basic reality The term creation refers to the beginning of things, whether by the will and act of a transcendent being, by emanation from some ultimate source, or in any other way.. The stockbreeding societies of the steppes often played a key role in Eurasian history., Paganism 5,000 years old: progressed organized religion and the state: related to Anarchism and Socialism (Kings and the Rise of the State), . is the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody the. This type was common in the religions of antiquity, such as theLaresofancient Roman religion, theGashinofKorean shamanism, andCofgodasofAnglo-Saxon paganism. A successive potential proxy is the Babyno culture (22001700 BCE), whose similarities to the Epi-Corded Ware of the Carpathian region suggest an East-Central European origin. ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref. (2009) also reports a surprisingly high frequency of M458 in someNorthern Caucasianpopulations (for example 27.5% amongKarachaysand 23.5% amongBalkars, 7.8% amongKaranogaysand 3.4% amongAbazas). ref, HaplogroupN1cis found chiefly in north-eastern Europe, particularly in Finland (61%), Lapland (53%), Estonia (34%), Latvia (38%), Lithuania (42%), and northern Russia (30%), and to a lower extent also in central Russia (15%), Belarus (10%), eastern Ukraine (9%), Sweden (7%), Poland (4%) and Turkey (4%). (2019) found that theYana RHSsample (31,600 BP) inNorthern Siberiacan be modeled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians.ref, Populations genetically similar to MA-1 were an important genetic contributor toNative Americans,Europeans,Central Asians,South Asians, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance. Indo-Europeans and the Yamnaya Culture - Substack Genetic analyses show that all ANE samples (Afontova Gora 3, Malta 1, and Yana-RHS) show evidence for minor gene flow from an East Asian-related group (simplified by theAmis, Han, or Tianyuan). This emphasis underscores, rather than weakens, the ancestral component.ref. Yamnaya Steppe Pontic Caspian Eurasian Switzerland Swiss european Neolithic stone age Genetic Gene Ed My name is Edward Whelan and I graduated with a PhD in history in 2008. Research into the genetic history of Europe became possible in the second half of the 20th century, but did not yield results with a high resolution before the 1990s. In addition, at the site of Dereivka, 33 tools made of crystalline and sedimentary rock such as granite, quartzite, sandstone, and shale, have been documented. Sherds of pottery and stone tools dont tell easily accessible stories. With respect tomtDNA, they carriedH5a,T2b,HV,andU8b1b. Many religions, bothpolytheisticandmonotheistic, havedeitiesassociated with the sky.ref, Incomparative mythology,sky fatheris a term for a recurring concept inpolytheisticreligions of asky godwho is addressed as a father, often the father of apantheonand is often either a reigning or formerKing of the Gods. Here, we report genome-wide data from 19Upper Paleolithic to Early Bronze Age individuals from this Siberian region. Consequently, Greek mythology received minimal scholarly attention until the first decade of the 21st century. ref, Although Scythians are considered relatively conservative in regards to Proto-Indo-European cultures, retaining a similar lifestyle and culture, their mythology has very rarely been examined in an Indo-European context and infrequently discussed in regards to the nature of the ancestral Indo-European mythology. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Yamnaya culture or at least Proto-Indo-European Languages/Religions may The graves also had an overburden of horse remains; it cannot yet be determined decisively if these horses were domesticated and ridden or not, but they were certainly used as a meat-animal. Ancient Egypt: Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Predynastic from 12,000 to 5,000 years ago, Masked Head Hunters of Karahan Tepe 11,400-year-old monumental site from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to B. Evolution of human skin color, white-skin is really under 10,000 years old? The tutelary deity of a man was hisGenius, that of a woman herJuno. In these groups, several aspects of the Yamnaya culture are present. Every significant migration produces a group of returning migrants, and these would have been the people telling the folks back home what they could find over the horizon. Animism: Respecting the Living WorldbyGraham Harvey, How have human cultures engaged with and thought about animals, plants, rocks, clouds, and other elements in their natural surroundings? Yamnaya: Faces of the Indo-Europeans - YouTube An overview map summarises the origin theories. ref, Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c.4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis. Europeans share more language and genes with Asia than previously They also grew peas and beans,apricot,cherry plum,andwine grapes though there is no solid evidence that they actually madewine. Abstract Recent studies of early Bronze Age human genomes revealed a massive population expansion by individuals-related to the Yamnaya culture, from the Pontic Caspian steppe into Western and Eastern Eurasia, likely accompanied by the spread of Indo-European languages [1-5]. Changes were initiated including unambiguous evidence of horse riding (prehistoric cavalry) and the introduction of metal weapons such as shafthole axes and spearheads. Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot: https://www.academia.edu/11382971/In_and_Outside_the_Square_The_Sky_and_the_Power_of_Belief_in_Ancient_China_and_the_World_c_4_500_BC_AD_220_Volume_I_The_Ancient_Eurasian_World_and_the_Celestial_Pivot?email_work_card=title, Kurgan Copper Revolution: https://www.academia.edu/14001057/Kurgan_Copper_Revolution?email_work_card=title, Dynasty 0 Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt, Ancient Egyptian History, Egyptian Predynastic chronology: https://www.academia.edu/31304670/Dynasty_0?email_work_card=title, Absolute chronology of the settlement of the Eastern Linear Pottery culture at Moravany: https://www.academia.edu/24741906/Absolute_chronology_of_the_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Linear_Pottery_culture_at_Moravany?email_work_card=title, Cha Si 48 Pages 2 FilesEgyptology, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Mesopotamia History, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Kurgans, Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt, Uruk Expansion, Uruk Period, Predynastic Egypt, The Narmer Palette, Predynastic Naqada, Eridu. In northern Greece a dark age from 3800-3300 BCE followed, during which settlements became scarce and people returned to dispersed herding economies. ref, The CucuteniTrypillia culture was a society ofsubsistencefarmers.
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